What is meningococcal disease?
Meningococcal disease is a medical emergency caused by Neisseria meningitidis. It can cause meningitis, bloodstream infection or both and may become fatal within hours without rapid treatment. The bacteria spread through close respiratory contact. Some people carry them harmlessly in the nose or throat, but occasionally they invade the blood or tissues.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary and not everyone develops every sign. In older children and adults, meningitis may cause fever, severe headache, stiff neck, light sensitivity, vomiting, confusion or marked malaise. Babies may have fever, unusual sleepiness, poor feeding, persistent crying or a tense fontanelle.
Bloodstream infection can cause red or purple pinprick spots or larger bruise-like patches that do not fade when pressed with a clear glass. They may occur anywhere, including palms and soles, become star-shaped and damage the skin. Other signs include chills, back pain, falling blood pressure, cold limbs, reduced consciousness and shock. A rash may be absent early, so do not wait for it.
Risk and prevention
Young children are commonly affected, but adolescents and adults can also develop disease, particularly with impaired immunity. Several meningococcal groups cause human illness, including A, B, C, W and Y. Vaccination programmes vary by country and reduce risk from covered groups but do not eliminate every possibility.
Treatment and aftermath
Emergency treatment uses intravenous antibiotics and, when needed, intensive support for breathing and circulation. Earlier treatment lowers the risk of death and long-term effects. Survivors can have scarring, hearing loss, seizures, joint problems, neurological or behavioural difficulties, and severe tissue damage requiring amputation.
When to see a doctor
Call emergency services immediately for a non-blanching rash, severe illness with fever, stiff neck, confusion, unusual drowsiness, breathing difficulty, cold mottled limbs, persistent vomiting or rapid deterioration. Do not wait for all symptoms or for a rash to appear.